Civics Unit 4

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Amendment

a change or addition to a legal or statutory document.

Archivist of the United States

the main official managing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration.

Article V

the section of the Constitution that provides methods for amending the document.

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the US Constitution.

Certification

the process of verifying that an amendment has been properly ratified.

Concurrent resolution

a resolution adopted by both houses of Congress.

Electorate

all the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election.

Federal Register

a publication of the federal government that lists proposed and final administrative regulations of federal agencies.

Framers

any of the delegates who participated in the creation of the U.S. Constitution.

Joint resolution

a legislative measure requiring approval by both the Senate and the House.

Legislative boundries

the limits of the area represented by a member of the House of Representatives.

Madison amendment

another name for the 27th Amendment, which limits the ability to change the salary of members of Congress until after an election of members of the House of Representatives.

Quorum

the minimum number of members of a group that must be present at a meeting to make the proceedings of that meeting valid.

Ratification

the official method of confirming a proposed amendment to the Constitution.

Ratifying convention

one of the two methods established by Article V of the United States Constitution for ratifying proposed constitutional amendments.

Registered letter

a mail service allowing the sender proof of mailing and receipt of the letter or package.

Resolution

a written motion adopted by Congress.

United States Statutes at Large

the official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by Congress.

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Cruel and unusual punishments

includes such items as torture, deliberately degrading punishment, or punishment too severe for the crime committed.

Due process

fair treatment through the normal judicial system.

Enumerated

a list of items.

Freedom of assembly

the right to hold public meetings and form associations without interference by the government.

Freedom to petition

to make a complaint to, or seek the assistance of, one's government, without fear of punishment.

Freedom of the press

the right to publish opinions without censorship by the government.

Freedom of religion

the right to practice whatever religion one chooses.

Freedom of speech

the right to express opinions without censorship or restraint.

Lawsuit

a case that a court is asked to decide involving a dispute between people or groups.

Militia

a group of people not part of the armed forces of a country but trained like soldiers.

Quarter

to provide lodging and/or food to military troops.

Search warrant

a legal document authorizing police or other officials to enter and search property.

Virginia Declaration of Rights

a document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the natural rights of citizens, including the right to reform or abolish "inadequate" government.

Civil disobedience

the refusal to comply with certain laws as a peaceful form of political protest.

Civil liberties

rights protected against government actions.

Civil rights

how civil liberties are guaranteed by the government through laws, court decisions, and actions of government agencies.

Civil rights movement

a movement to secure for African Americans equal access to the basic privileges and rights of U.S. citizenship that peaked in the 1950s and 1960s.

Disenfranchisement

denial of the right to vote to a person or group of people.

Equal protection clause

part of the 14th amendment that prohibits states from denying any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Fifteenth Amendment

prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Fourteenth Amendment

defines national citizenship and forbids the states from restricting the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

Gender norms

what a society considers male and female behavior.

Involuntary servitude

being forced through coercion or violence to work for another.

Legal equality

also known as equality under the law, the principle under which all people are subject to the same laws and possess the same basic rights.

Literacy test

an examination to determine whether a person meets the literacy requirements for voting, typically used to prevent African Americans and the poor from voting.

Nineteenth Amendment

prohibits any American citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex.

Poll tax

a tax required as a qualification for voting, typically used to prevent African Americans and the poor from voting.

Reconstruction

the period (1865-77) after the Civil War in which the states formerly part of the Confederacy were brought back into the United States.

Segregation

the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.

Self-determination

the process by which a country determines its own statehood.

Suffrage

the right to vote in political elections.

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

prohibits both Congress and the states from making the right to vote in federal elections conditional on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.

Twenty-Sixth Amendment

prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to citizens who are at least eighteen years old.

Abstinence

restraining oneself from participating in something, such as drinking alcohol.

Anti-Saloon League

the leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the U.S. in the early 20th century.

Constitutionality

a law's status in meeting the requirements of the Constitution, as determined by a court.

Deadlock

a situation, often involving opposing parties, in which no progress can be made.

Direct election

an election in which citizens vote directly instead of having representatives who vote for them.

Eighteenth Amendment

established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the U.S. by declaring illegal the production, transport, and sale of alcohol.

Electoral College

a body of people representing the states of the U.S. who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

Graduated income tax

a tax that rises in steps, with those having the highest income paying the highest percentage of tax.

Income tax

the tax levied by a government directly on income, especially an annual tax on personal income.

Organized crime

groups with some type of a formal structure whose main goal is to make money through illegal activities.

Perscription

a written message from a doctor that officially allows a patient to purchase and use a medicine.

Prohibition

the prevention by the law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the US between 1920 and 1933.

Sixteenth Amendment

permitted the government to establish a federal income tax.

Temperance

abstinence from or moderation in drinking alcoholic beverages.

Twelfth Amendment

changed the process by which a President and a Vice-President are elected by the Electoral College.

Twenty-Fifth Amendment

established rules of succession for the presidency and vice presidency in the event of death, resignation, or incapacity.

Twenty-First Amendment

repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol.

Twenty-Second Amendment

limited presidential terms to two for any one person, or to one elected term if the person has completed more than two years of another president's term.

Twenty-Third Amendment

allowed District of Columbia residents to vote in presidential elections.

Volstead Act

enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

an organization founded in the late 19th century in the United States that encouraged total abstinence from alcohol.