Criminology Unit 1

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Anthropology

the study of cultures and their development

Autoethnography

the study of one’s own culture through self-reflection

Code of Hammurabi

an ancient code based on punishment via physical retaliation

Common law

decisions made by judges through court cases

Content analysis

a method of describing and compiling the details of a particular
medium

Corporal punishment

physical punishment intended to cause pain

Crime

formal deviance; a violation of formal rules of society as expressed in the law

Criminal code

the written code that defines crimes and their punishments

Criminology

an academic discipline that studies the nature, extent, cause, and control
of criminal behavior

Customs

the typical patterns of behavior in a particular society and time period

Deviance

behavior that is perceived as violating cultural norms

Deviance admiration

a positive view of behavior that does not conform to social norms

Environmental crime

harm caused to the environment that is considered illegal

Ethonography

the study of a culture, often involving participant observation

Experiment

a method to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions

Felonies

serious crimes, or repeat offenses, that can result in significant punishment

Focus group

a group of individuals who are brought together to discuss their point of
view

Formal deviance

behavior that violates the formal rules of a society

Formal law

expectations for behavior based on the law

Genetics

the study of genes

Hypothesis

a testable statement used as a starting point to answer a research
question

Informal deviance

behavior that is perceived as violating the informal social norms of
a society

Informal norm

expectations for behavior based on cultural practices

Informed consent

permission given based on understanding the risks and benefits of
a study

Infractions

petty offenses that are against the law but do not result in jail time

Interdisciplinary

using more than one academic discipline or area of study

Interview

a discussion between a researcher and a subject

Juvenile delinquency

the committing of crime by a youth

Laws

the documented rules of a community, made by the government and enforced by an authority

Misdemeanors

crimes that have the potential to result in up to one year of jail time (in
most states)

Mosaic Code

the foundation of Judeo-Christian moral teachings and a basis for the
U.S. legal system

Neuroscience

the study of the human nervous system

Norms

cultural ideas about what behavior is acceptable and good

Participant observation

a method to gather information through watching human
activity

Penology

the study of the correction and control of criminal behavior

Precedent

a decision made by a judge that sets the rule for future cases.

Prohibition amendment

the 18th amendment prohibiting the production, transport and
sale of alcohol

Psychology

the study of the human mind and human behavior

Qualitative research

data that cannot be expressed through numbers

Quantitative research

data that can be expressed through numbers

Questionnaire

a series of written questions used to gather information; also described
as a survey

Research ethics

principles guiding how to undertake research appropriately and
professionally

Retribution

punishment that is a form of revenge equal to the severity of the original
wrongdoing

Slave codes

state laws that defined the status of slaves and the rights of slaveowners

Sociology

The study of society and human social interaction

Statutory law

laws created by legislators

The scientific method

a systematic approach to answer a research question

Victimology

the study of victims and their experience of crime

War crime

behavior during wartime that results in individual criminal charges