"active listening", "Message receiver re-states what has been said to understand fully and confirm the message." "active problem solving", "A form of problem-solving that begins with problem definition, which is the ability to discern between the cause and effect of the problem. Root-cause analysis looks beyond the immediate symptoms to the cause of the symptoms, which then affords opportunities for solutions" "charismatic leadership", "The leader is motivating, has high-energy, and inspires the team through strong convictions about what’s possible and what the team can achieve. Positive thinking and a can-do mentality are characteristics of a charismatic leader." "expert power", "The project manager has deep skills and experience in a discipline (for example, years of working in IT helps an IT project manager better manage IT projects.)" "informational power", "The project manager has power and control of the data gathering and distribution of information." "ingratiating power", "The project manager aims to gain favor with the project team and stakeholders through flattery." "interactional leadership", "The leader is a hybrid of transactional, transformational, and charismatic leaders. The interactional leader wants the team to act, is excited and inspired about the project work, yet still holds the team accountable for their results." "laissez-faire leadership", "The leader takes a hands-off approach to the project. This means the project team makes decisions, takes initiative in the actions, and creates goals. This can provide autonomy, but makes the leader appear absent when it comes to project decisions." "punitive (coercive power)", "The project manager can punish the project team." "referent power", "The project manager is respected or admired because of the team’s past experiences with her. This is about the project manager’s credibility in the organization." "servant leadership", "The leader puts others first and focuses on the needs of the people he serves. Servant leaders provide opportunity for growth, education, autonomy within the project, and the well-being of others. The primary focus of servant leadership is service to others." "transactional leadership", "The leader emphasizes the goals of the project and offers rewards and disincentives to the project team. This is sometimes called management by exception, because it’s the exception that is rewarded or punished." "transformational leadership", "The leader inspires and motivates the project team to achieve the project goals. Transformational leaders aim to empower the project team to act, be innovative in the project work, and accomplish through ambition."
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